Natural Water Filtration

The agricultural production in various countries and growing population requires vast volume of water for different purposes. In some regions, the shortage of water and severe water contaminants are common. Low ground water resources are frequently over-exploited and are found out to have inadequate quality. For that reason, the consideration for all the proved water procedures that could help lessen the existing disaster must be highly prioritized. One example is the natural filtration process.
Surface water surrounds organic and inorganic compounds of natural source as suspended matter and dissolved particles. In particular, water in lakes and river is polluted with different kinds of chemicals, sewage, hydrocarbons, antibiotics, viruses, plant – protective agents, bacteria, medicines and fertilizers. For drinking purposes, the pollutant in water must be destroyed and removed by filtration and purification process as completely as possible. Natural filtration outcome within filter layers and in the subsurface is sourced mostly by precipitation, sedimentation, oxidation – reduction, ion – exchange, sorption – desorption and biodegradation. In plants for artificial groundwater recharge, the water surpasses as synthetic installed layer of filter sand first. This filter layer remains common substances of filtration.
The chemical effects between organic substances, inorganic substances and infiltrated water in the subsurface, and the groundwater that flows on the way to the extraction may result to precipitation of cautiously soluble carbonates, sulphides and hydroxides in the filter layer and the aquifer. The quantitative effectiveness of the filter sand layer is manipulated by the permeability of the filter sand, the growing up of algae and modes of rain fall. The rate of filtration drops in the path of time and after a definite period; the filter layer needs to be cleaned or replaced by a new one if needed. A plant for simulated groundwater recharge includes the basis of a pump station, infiltration basin, extraction well and surface water.
The structure of molecular and ion composites alters the precipitation, solubility and absorption of substances such as natural compounds and heavy metals. In the layer of aquifer and filter sand, a vast variety of organic microorganisms subsists, which is extremely involved in rehabilitation procedures.

The water with oxygen content is important for oxidation procedures and activities of microorganisms. The occurrence of reducing particles such as humic matter, that cause deficient amount of oxygen, is liable for chemical reductions. Redox – potential and pH – value controls affects this reaction too. Dissolved composites, among all of the contaminants, can be absorbed particularly by amorphous silicic acid, clay minerals, iron hydroxides and natural substances. Desorption might happen if water changes the composition of the chemicals.
An ion exchange procedure mostly takes place in the presence of natural matter and clay minerals. Therefore, contaminating ions can also be fixed.

The biodegradation decomposes the organic compounds of the microorganisms and lessens the quantity of organics. The community of purifying organisms mostly includes protozoa, metazoan and autochthonous bacteria. A cluster of protozoa is composed of amoeba cyst, flagellates and ciliates while metzoa is consist of worms, annelids, arthropods and nematodes. The thickness of these inhabitants of organisms decreases as well as the removal effectiveness.